一、导读：
Read the short passage on P6, finish the box and explore the rules.
二、导思：
Complete the paragraphs with the information from the given sentences. The sentences are in the order in which they happened.
1. (a) Natural disasters led to food shortages in the 1960s.
(b) Yuan Longping began to do research on hybrid rice.
(c) Yuan Longping developed a better type of rice.
Yuan Longping ______________ to do research on hybrid rice because natural disasters _______________ food shortages in the 1960s. In the end, he ________________ a better type of rice.
2. (a) Gregor Mendel chose to study pea plants because their characteristics were easy to control.
(b) Gregor Mendel made important discoveries about genetics.
(c) Gregor Mendel died in 1884.
Gregor Mendel _______________ study pea plants because their characteristics were easy to control. By the time of his death in 1884, he ___________________ important discoveries about genetics.
三、导学&导练：
I.过去完成时的概念与结构特点
概念：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间之前或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即“过去的过去（past-in-the-past）”
II.过去完成时的基本结构
肯定式：主语 + had + 过去分词
否定式：主语 +had + not + 过去分词
疑问式：Had + 主语 + 过去分词
被动语态：主语 + had been+ 过去分词
Tom had finished his homework by 8 o’clock last night.
Tom hadn’t finished his homework by 8 o’clock last night.
Had Tom finished his homework by 8 o’clock last night?
His homework had been finished by 8 o’clock last night.
III.过去完成时的基本用法
1. 表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前发生或完成了的动作。即“过去的过去”。常有by, before, after等介词, 也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示, 还可能通过上下文来表示。
By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.
到昨晚9点钟, 我们已经收到200 张宇宙飞船发来的图片。
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
Jim said that he had learned some Chinese before.
2. 表示由过去的某一时刻开始, 一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态, 常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.
当车来的时候, 我在车站已经等了20分钟。
He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.
他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。
3. 叙述过去发生的事情, 在已叙述了过去发生的事情后, 反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时, 常使用过去完成时。
Mr Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.
史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好朋友。
I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.
我对动词一无所知, 因为我没有好好学习功课。
4. 动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图等。
They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.
他们本来打算去帮忙, 但没有及时赶到那里。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you.
我们本来希望能来看看你。
I had intended to call on you yesterday, but someone came to see me.
IV.过去完成时常用于以下固定句型
1. It / This / That was the first (second...) time + that ...(过去完成时)
It was the second time that he had seen his grandfather.
It was the third time that she had been out of work that year.
2. It / This / That was+形容词最高级 + 名词+ that ...(过去完成时)
It was the best film I had seen.
3. It was +一段时间+ since从句(过去完成时)
It was 3 years since we had left China.
4. hardly…when ； no sooner…than “一……就……”
Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. 他刚开始演讲, 听众就打断了他。
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. 他刚到就又走了。
5. 过去完成时用于虚拟语气
过去完成时的这一用法, 常见于以if only等引导的感叹句:
If only we had listened to their advice!
我们要是听了他们的意见就好了!
If only you had worked with greater care!
你要是更仔细一些该多好!
Would that we had seen her before she died.
要是在她去世之前我们能见她一面该有多好。
过去完成时的这一用法还见于构成虚拟语气的条件从句和I wish. . . (我希望……), I’d rather. . . (我宁愿……)后的that从句:
I’d rather you hadn’t been present. 我宁愿你当时不在场。
If I had asked for directions, I wouldn’t have gotten lost. 如果我问一下路, 就不会迷失方向了。
How he wishes that he had passed the exam last term.
V.过去完成时与现在完成时的区别
现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为”have (has) + 过去分词”；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。试比较：
到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。
I have learned 1000 English words so far.
到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。
I had learned 1000 English words till then.
— I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
— Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.
没什么，我只等了几分钟。（“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在）
— John returned home yesterday. 约翰昨天回到家的。
— Where had he been? 他去哪儿了？
（使用过去完成时是指约翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方，即“过去的过去”）
VI.过去完成时与一般过去时的区别
虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点：
1. 时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。试比较：
他们昨天十点前就到车站了。
They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.
他们昨天十点到了车站。
They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.
2. 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。如：
She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition. rived at the station at ten yesterday.
3. 当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用 and 或 but 连接时，按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时；另外，在 before, after, as soon as引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。如：
他进入房间，打开灯，看晚报。
He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.
我离开办公室前给她打了电话。
I (had) called her before I left the office.
四、课文重难点
1. He use the same business strategy he had employed at the St Louis Post-Dlspatch and sales of the newspaper mounted up...
(1)he had employed...是省略引导词that 的定语从句，修饰the same business strategy。关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时,可以省略。
本句先行词被the same修饰，若体现引导词，那也只能是that,不能是 which,从而构成the same..that...结构。
(2)定语从句中也时常出现the same...that...和the same...as...结构。that引导的定语从句中, that 指的是和先行词同一个的事或物; as引导的定语从句中, as指的是和先行词同一类的事或物。总之that指同“一”，as指同“类”。如:
This is the same pen that I lost.这就是我丢的那支钢笔。
This is the same pen as I lost这支钢笔和我丢的那支一样。
2. The Pulitzer Prizes are a set of awards honoring excellence in journalism and the arts.
(1)现在分词短语或过去分词短语作后置定语时,要放在被修饰词的后面。单个的现在分词或过去分词作定语时,一般是放在被修饰词的前面,个别的也可以放在被修饰词的后面。如:
Please make sentences with the words given.请用所给的词造句。
There have been no accidents for six years running.连续6年未出事故。
3.When O’Neill received the Pulitzer Prize in Drama in 1957, it was the fourth time he had won it.
这是一个主从复合句,由时间状语从句和主句构成。主句是一个重点句式:It was + the+序数词+ time (that)+主语+had done sth.。
was改为is的时候,that 从句要用现在完成时,即:It is + the+序数词+time (that)+主语+ have/has done sth.。it可以换成this 或that。如:
这是我第三次参观长城了。
This is the third time I have visited the Great Wall.
This was the third time I had visited the Great Wall.
4. His paper published articles about politics and social issues, accusing government officials of dishonesty and wealthy people of not paying their taxes.
他的报纸刊登关于政治和社会问题的文章谴责政府官员满口谎言和富人逃税。
现在分词短语作状语
(1)表示方式或伴随
现在分词短语作方式或伴随状语时,分词的动作和谓语动词的动作同时发生。表示伴随或.方式的现 在分词短语可转换成and连接的并列成分。
(2)表示时间
现在分词短语作时间状语时,相当于when, while, after等引导的时间状语从句。
(3)表示原因现在分词短语作原因状语时,—般位于句首,相当于as, since,because等引导的原因状语从句。
(4)表示条件现在分词短语作条件状语时,一般位于句首,相当于if,unless等引导的条件状语从句。
Keeping on working hard,you’ll pass the examination.
=If you keep on working hard,you’ll pass the examination.
你如果继续努力学习,就会通过考试。
试比较:Keep on working hard,and you’ll pass the examination.(“祈使句+and +陈述句”,其中祈使句表示条件)
(5)表示让步现在分词短语作让步状语 时,相当于though, even if/though等引导的让步状语从句。
五、达标导练：（20min）
单句语法填空 (共25题：每小题1分，共25分)
1.To our surprise, the concert prepared by the students turned out more successful than we ____________ (think).
2.They_______________(want) to help but couldn’t get there in time.
3.When the thief found the police _______________ (spot) him, he ran away quickly.
4.By the latter half of the 14th century, English_______ (come) into widespread use among all classes in England.
5.A few months after he had arrived in China, Mr. Smith _______ (fall) in love with the people and culture there.
6. By the time, Tom ___________(found) his own business.
7. The train __________(leave) before I got to the station.
8. I _________________ (learn) English for seven years when I graduated from high school.
9. Julie ___________ (finish) cleaning the house by the end of last weekend.
10. Last week the old books __________(sell) to raise money for Free the Children.
11. She said she _________ (see) the headmaster already.
12. No sooner _______________ we ____________ (go) out than it rained.
13.Their dinner ______________(finish) by the time the chef ______________(joy) them.
14.It was reported that an agreement ______________(research) between the two companies and that they would carry out a project together．
15.He was unhappy when he sold his guitar. After all, he __________________(have) it for a very long time.
16.He _____________(learn) English before he went to primary school, and no wonder he spoke English fluently.
17.The famous Silk Road is believed to____________ (cover) by sandstorms from AD 200 to AD 400 step by step.
18.This is the first time that he __________(compete) against a tennis champion.
19.The air quality in the city, as is shown in the report, ___________ (improve) over the past two months.
20.He kept looking at her, wondering where he ____________(see) her before.
21.---- The escaped prisoner was caught at last.
-----Oh, really? Where __________ he___________(hide) himself?
22.To my delight, I found the pen that I ____________(lose) under the bed in my bedroom.
23.It was the first time that she ______________________(fly) to London, and she seemed quite excited.
24.He insisted that he______________(do) nothing wrong and he should be set free at once.
25.The past ten years _________ (witness) a boom in economy in my hometown.
六、课后巩固练习：（30min）
（一）单项选择 (共15题：每小题1分，共15分)
1. Both his parents look sad. Maybe they _________what's happened to him.
A. knew B. have known C. must know D.will know
2. He has _______ been to Shanghai, has he ?
A. already B.never C.ever D. still
3. Have you met Mr Li ______？
A. just B. ago C.before D. a moment ago
4. The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year.
A. is writing B.was writing C.wrote D.has written
5. —Our country ______ a lot so far.
—Yes. I hope it will be even ______.
A. has changed; well B. changed; good C. has changed; better D. changed; better
6. Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years.
A. was; studying B. will; study C. has; studied D. are; studying
7. We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl.
A. Know B. had known C. have known D. knew
8. Harry Potter is a very nice film. I_______ it twice.
A. will see B. have seen C. Saw D.see
9. —These farmers have been to the United States. —Really? When _____ there?
A. will they go B. did they go C. do they go D. have they gone
10. —______ you ___ your homework yet? —Yes. I _____ it a moment ago.
A. Did; do; finished B. Have; done; finished C. Have; done; have finished D. will; do; finish
11. Mother ____me a new coat yesterday. I _______ it on. It fits me well.
A. had made…have tried B. made…have tried C. has made…tried D. made…tried
12. “He ____to draw horses already”. “When ______ he ?” “ Last year!”
A. learned…has B. learned…did C. has learned…has D. has learned…did
13. Tom _____up into the tree. Look, he ____ high up there !
A. has got…is B. has climbed…was C. got …was D. climbed…is
14. ____ you _____ the text yet ? Yes, we ____ it two hours ago.
A. Did…copy…did B. Have…copied…have
C. Have…copied…did D. Did …copy…had
15. “Why ______ she _______ angry ?” “Because he _____ at her just now .”
A. did…get…shouted B. has…got…shouted
C. did…get…has shouted D. has…got…has shouted
（二）句型转换 (共8题：每小题1分，共8分)
1. He has never surfed, _______________ ______________?（改成反意疑问句）
2. They have been here since 2000. (对划线部分提问)
_____________ _____________have they been here?
3. The old man _____________ last year. He ___________ ____________for a year. (die)
4. This factory opened twenty years ago.(同义句转换)
This factory ____________ _____________ _____________ for twenty years.
5. Miss Gao left an hour ago. (同义句转换)
Miss Gao ______________ _____________ _____________ ____________ an hour ago.
6. Her mother has been a Party member for three years .（同义句）
Her mother ______________ the Party three years ________________ .
7. The Green Family moved to France two years ago. (同义句转换)
_____________ two years _______________ the Green family moved to France.
8. The bus has arrived here. It arrived ten minutes ago. (把两个句子合并成一个句子)
_______________________________________________________________
七、反思感悟：
1. 过去完成时的概念理解吗？
2. 过去完成时可以在句子中怎么使用？
3. 过去完成时的特殊用法掌握了吗？ |